The Invention of the television in the US Research Paper

The Invention of the TV in the US - Research Paper Example As it was designed TV utilized blend of optical, mechanical and electronic advances to catch and show pictures yet as the innovation propelled, at that point more improvements occurred. The historical backdrop of TV go in 1884 where Paul Gottlieb a German college understudy matured 23 concocted an electromechanical TV framework that utilized a filtering circle. As the time passed by, greater improvement of TV was being accomplished for instance in 1927 a Russian designer by the name Leon Theremin built up a mirror drum put together TV and with respect to that year Philo Farnsworth concocted the primary working TV framework that needed to check the pictures and on a similar time show the gadget (Tedham, 1937). This was first shown in the press in 1928 and along these lines cleared approach to broadcasting. The main working TV made Germany and United States governments to consent to an arrangement to trade their TV licenses and innovation with the goal that the speed of improvement cou ld be accomplished in numerous nations hence having transmitters and stations in their particular nations. In 1936, the first BBC began to transmit the main open administrations that astonished numerous individuals in all edges of the world. In 1939, United States began concocted more TV innovations in spite of consenting to of arrangements with the Germany government however the Second World War forestalled the improvement to occur for huge scope. This implied United States needed to hold up until the finish of the Second World War. In 1948, the utilization of TV was in enormous scope in United States and in this way thinking of a genuine customary business TV that pre-owned programming and hence immergence of amazing individuals who could communicate and show in addition to other things (Alan, 1940). This made the responsibility for to expand step by step for instance United States had a 96.7% possession in 1995 and greater part of individuals having mutiple

Examination Of The Wonthaggi Desalination Plant Environmental Sciences Essay

Desalination is a method of taking additional salts and minerals from saltwater to do it appropriate for human ingestion. Regions in the Middle East and the Mediterranean have been using desalinization for a long clasp to satisfy their H2O requests and it is going logically well known in states like the United States, Australia and Europe as interest for H2O keeps on turning with turning populace and lessening precipitation structures ( David A. Roberts, 2010 ) . Wonthaggi desalinization works is a huge spending desalinization works by and by under structure on a reasonable cultivating territory on the Bass Coast. The site for the desalinization works is around five 100 meters inland from the coastline. The Desalination Project Team, which is moving as promoter in the interest of the State is a segment of the Capital Projects Division. This endeavor is a Public-Private Partnership and Project ‘s foundation incorporates a subterranean saltwater consumption burrow that will run f rom the attempts to a seaward area on the ocean bottom, a subterranean trade foundation burrow that will run from the attempts to a seaward area on the ocean bottom and release seawater dressed metal, and a subterranean transportation grapevine for the new water that will be created and a force gracefully ( Victoria, 2008 ) . The desalinization works will gracefully upto150 gigalitres of H2O per twelvemonth which can be expanded to 200 gigalitres per twelvemonth in the great beyond. An expected 480 liters of saltwater will be siphoned in and 280 billion liters of saline fixation or seawater will be siphoned pull out into the sea each twelvemonth ( 2009 ) . The works will use vitality signifier earthy colored coal which will inhale one million metric huge amounts of C dioxide each twelvemonth. There is other than wind ranch that is proposed to be constructed 100s of kilometers off as a start ( Heislers ) . This works, which is making a trip to be Victoria ‘s biggest base endeav or ever, is relied upon to be finished by the terminal of 2011. Marine Impact of Desalination Plant: The desalinization works might have the option to flexibly some mitigation for Victoria ‘s H2O shortfall emergency, yet it will hold many long haul and conceivably even irreversible Marine, costal and natural effects. For the expectation of this exposition, we will only observe Marine and beach front effects. The works is being worked behind a foreshore unobtrusiveness and a ridge framework and building and activity of the desalinization works will hold many negative effects on the environing nation ( Heislers ) . Development: Development will do a group of mischief ashore and seabed when sand, mud and other seabed home grounds will be disturbed during exhausting and puting grapevines ( Smyth, 2007 ) . Activity: Marine life misfortune Once the works is to the full operational, it is evaluated that 40 metric huge amounts of ocean life will turn up dead every twenty-four hours when molluscs, weed, hatchlings, green growth, fish/fish eggs, microscopic fish will be sucked in through the funnels close to the utilization nations and bigger mari0ne energize creatures will be caught by the screens around the utilization nations ( Heislers ) . An overview on desalinization workss directed in the United States uncovered that around 55,000 spineless creatures and 78,000 fish passed on every twelvemonth subsequent to gaining stuck on the screens close to the admission nation. While, other littler creatures kicked the bucket in the wake of being sucked up by the funnels. It is fairly acceptable cognize how the remotion of one key animal categories can intrude on the supplement link and result in species misfortune. Loss of these marine enliven creatures will alter supplement link and endlessly sway the e xistence rhythms ( Smyth, 2007 ) . Harmful Discharge-One of the greatest effects of the desalinization works will originate from the warm seawater that will be released as waste into the sea which can murder marine vivify creatures. Surveies on the effect of desalinization release on marine life demo a decline in echinoderms ( starfish, ocean urchins and so forth ) densenesss close to the release nations. There was other than a significant expansion in leaf embarrassment and a reduction in starch stockpiling in foliage tissues which was connected to expanded nutritious handiness and introduction to the seawater. Research proposes that these marine workss are extremely touchy to seawaters as they can experience embarrassment from an expansion of simply 1-2 sections for each trillion in salt ( David A. Roberts, 2010 ) . Aside from being warm, it will be amazingly thought and stacked with synthetic substances. Desalination works surveies in Western Australia found that the release could expand the temperature of Waterss inside a seven square kilometer nation environing the break pipe by 0.1 to 0.5 and A ; deg ; C ( David A. Roberts, 2010 ) . A group of synthetics like Cl, which is utilized in pretreatments, for example, purging of funnels, can hurt the home ground. Synthetic concoctions like these can modify level of O in H2O and warm seawater can raise temperature of ocean H2O close to the hole of the trade foundation. Tests done on H2O quality environing a desalinization works in Florida uncovered that around 45 kilograms Cu was being released each twenty-four hours. The convergence of Cu was 5-10 times higher than ordinary focuses and surpassed harmfulness edges for local species ( David A. Roberts, 2010 ) . One of the reasonings of outflowing release is that it can assemble in a nation rather than dissipate because of hapless course which will make a no man's land and change the environment around the release nation ( Heislers ) . Indeed, even the scarcest change in biological system can affect fish relocation, as they will hold to move from their typical eating and social polish nations which will other than do them powerless against different raiders ( Smyth, 2007 ) . Clamor There will be a significant expansion in the level of lowered commotion because of high power per unit territory siphons which will take to natural surroundings corruption. Nearby monster populaces, alongside populaces of seal, incredible white shark and penguin will be influenced contrarily ( Heislers ) . Regulative Model: There are numerous area and republic Acts of the Apostless that oversee ecological and marine effects brought about by the structure and activity of the desalinization works. State Acts of the Apostless incorporate the Environmental Protection act, Flora and Fauna Guarantee act, Planning and Environment act, and Coastal Management act. Though the Commonwealth demonstration incorporates the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation ( EPBC ) act.

Why the End of Break Isnt So Bad

Why the End of Break Isnt So Bad It was nice being able to travel, sit on the couch, hang out with your dog, and grab food from your kitchen cabinet whenever you wanted. But now you’re back at school, and if you’re finding it hard to get into the swing of things again, you’re not alone. A lot of people struggle with end-of-break-bummers, and I promise it’ll get easier soon. “I was totally in the zone last semester. There’s no way I can get back in it!” There is too a way! I was once talking with someone whose name and face I have now completely forgotten, but they told me that it takes two weeks to develop a habit. Maybe that someone was a TED Talk or a random person from high school. I don’t know. It doesn’t matter. What does matter is that you may be may be having a hard time now, but in two weeks, things might be a whole lot easier.   Starting up again is always the hardest part, because you have to have the energy to do it all again. If you’re back at school already, though, that first step is done. Now you just have to keep goingâ€"and you can, since you’ve done it before. It’s hard now, but you’ll be able to adjust soon enough.   “But homework stinks, and I’m not going to do it!” Homework does stink. But it’s a huge part of school, and since you signed up to go here, you might as well play along. There’s light at the end of the tunnel; the last day of the semester is just 16 weeks away at most, and then you get another break. And don’t forget that theres also some light at the start of the tunnel, too. If you’re just beginning classes right now, then you’re walking into one of the most glorious weeks of the semesterâ€"syllabus week. Getting used to classes can be tough, but the workload is usually not so bad those first few days. If you’re not about to begin a new semester (if you’re coming back from fall or winter break, for instance), then … hang in there. “I still don’t want to go back to school!” No one does (except Harry Potterâ€"why didn’t any of us submit our Hogwarts applications on time?). But the great thing about school is that you are surrounded by people who on the same schedule at you. Reach out to your fellow classmates. You can all share the burden of getting back to work; what better way to make friends? Schoolwork itself is hard (because it’s work) but try to remember all the things that you like about school. And before you say there are none, think more, dang it! There must be something about it you like. Here are some things that college offers: FriendsSquirrelsBeing around people your ageCampus resources like gyms, theaters, and cultural centersInteresting classesFun local stores and restaurantsA truly picturesque campus (mind that construction!) If you’re still having a hard time with the idea of going back to school, think about why. Is it because you don’t like what you’re studying? Is it because youre not digging the atmosphere on your campus? If a few weeks go by and you still find yourself unmotivated and upset, then maybe it’s time to reevaluate your situation this semester. Do whats right for you, and remember that there are always, always people there to help you (more people than you even know!). You’ve just come back from a great break, but remember that you had to work for it. You’ll be enjoying another break before you know it, and in the meantime, you’ll get back into school-mode. I bet that once you start learning cool things, you’ll appreciate your classes and start liking school again. (And if all else fails, maybe we can still get into Hogwarts.) Kate Class of 2020 I’m a senior here at the university, majoring in English and Math and minoring in Spanish. I’ve lived in Illinois all my life, sharing a room with my sister and many crickets. As the youngest in my family, I’m lucky enough to have my older siblings’ advice and perspective as I make my way through college!

Event And Of The Baked By Rudi - 887 Words

event and of the Baked by Rudi. The objective of this is to walk and run on shifts around the athletic complex the entire time of the event. If Baked by Rudi staff members are not walking or running the complex the members are serving cupcakes, cookies and refreshments to customers and runners and explaining who we , Baked by Rudi, are and about what we can do for the customer. The last sales campaign will be more of getting customers to come into the shop and we promote our chosen charity case. This community loves people that care about others. By promoting charity case and telling our customers for donations will not only help the charity of our choosing but our business. When people come into the business they don’t just come in to give to the charity and leave. They come in to buy a product and seeing we care about a charity shows the customers that Baked by Rudi has compassion for an organizations that might be near and dear to itself. In executing this campaign we will have to be in contact with a charity organizations like for example, SIDS for Kids or St. Jude’s Research Hospital. Some big organization or small ones could really trigger a chain reaction of customers. In asking for a donations for the charity the promotion that we will be using is Buy a dozen of customer chosen cupcakes or cookies and twenty percent of the purchase will go to said charity. This will not only show our customers the care of our business but promote our business in a positive way. The

Essay on Outcomes of Gaining and Losing Faith - 900 Words

Everyones future depends on their self-belief and how positively they look at the events that occur in their life. This is portrayed through Suzanne Buffam’s â€Å"Trying† and Alix Ohlin’s novel Inside. The speaker and Anne both face inner conflicts; the speaker gains faith in herself which helps her overcome her conflict and have a peaceful state of mind, whereas Anne loses faith in herself which leads to her failure in overcoming her conflict and losing her confidence. The speaker’s reassuring tone shows her peace of mind contrary to which Anne’s melancholic tone which shows her low self-esteem. Furthermore, the speaker’s use of allusion shows her inner peace, which is the result of gaining faith in herself, whereas Anne’s use of diction†¦show more content†¦She has, â€Å"the feeling of knowing nothing this good could last, of getting away with it now, for as long as she could. Let’s hope† (Ohlin 209). This pr oves that Anne’s inner conflict is that she hopes for her relationship with Diane to last, but does not believe that will happen. After losing faith in herself, she thinks she does not have the ability to maintain a relationship. She even says, â€Å"Other people were destined to keep leaving, over and over again† (Ohlin 229). She is saying that she will always have to abandon the people she loves. She does not understand that if she wants to be with Diane, she needs to have faith in herself. Instead, she keeps thinking the worst of herself and breaks up with Diane. Unlike the speaker who overcomes her conflict by gaining faith, Anne does not overcome her conflict as she loses her faith and ends up being pessimistic. The speaker’s reassuring tone reflects her peace of mind, which is the result of gaining faith in herself whereas Anne’s dejected tone portrays how she does not believe in herself which is the result of losing her faith. The speaker feels at peace because of her faith. She says, â€Å"try not to worry† (Buffam). She is reassuring herself which shows her faith and trying not to worry because she has started to believe that she will eventually get pregnant. She looks in the mirror and says, â€Å"The mirror, perhaps mercifully, was dusty, and I did not get a good look†Show MoreRelatedIntegrative Counseling : Christian Based Counseling1102 Words   |  5 Pagesdesign of man. While we may not know the whole design ourselves but we can use our limited knowledge together with what we know of Gods intentions for man to understand why we do what we do. In the end while some may see integration as selling out or losing the point of the therapy it can still be hi ghly effective on both a religious front and a counseling front. The Differences The key difference between these two kinds of therapies is the techniques used is the methods used. 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Unlike the days when he used to find comfort at home when the family spoke Spanish, he no longer sees any pride in speaking a language that only made him different from the rest of the people. Through gaining an education, he has a new way of looking at things. He considers not knowing how to speak proper English embarrassing and a drawback to achieving more in life. Contrary to this Castillo is keen on the preservation of one’s identity despite the acquisitionRead MoreOdysseus: A Hero Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagest he fictional world, a hero is someone who has learned from his or hers journey to come out a changed person. Some characters complete the journey, while others do not quite make it to the end. In The Odyssey, Odysseus takes more than one leap of faith on his journey to become a hero by learning from his mistakes, making personal sacrifices, and becoming a better man. After making mistakes, Odysseus realizes his wrong doings and changes his actions for the better. 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Firstly the interaction between trusts and relationship property will be looked at in depth before goi ng on to consider what avenues are currently available for either gaining access to trust property or being compensated for being denied access (wording). The current position favours trust rights over relationship property rights. This is a concern because it creates the potential for injustice in relationship propertyRead MoreI Discovered One Perspective By Talking With Mrs. Bonnie Yost1452 Words   |  6 PagesAdulthood can be a time of distress or fulfillment. It will likely include deep feelings of loss and grief, and may also include a sense of hope and joy. Despair can come from the experience of loss, missed opportunities in the past, declining health, losing friends and family, and an ever-approaching unknown future. Hope and positivity are derived from a sense of purpose and meaningfulness (Berger, 2014, p. 733). How does someone in Late Adulthood successfully navigate this time of life? I discoveredRead MoreEssay on The Balance Between Positive and Negative Thinking1503 Words   |  7 PagesThinking†, a New York Times bestseller. His book outlines principles and techniques for gaining achievement, happiness, and health. Peal states that â€Å"these principles have worked so efficiently over so long a period of time that they are now firmly established as documented and demonstrated truth† (Peale xii). The proof that Peale’s techniques can work is seen in the lives of millions who put their faith in Peale’s teachings. They are experiencing energy like never before, peace of mind and improved

Exercise 8 Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion Free Essays

Lab Report 8 April 15th Exercise 8: Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion Lab Report Questions Activity 1 What is the difference between the IKI assay and Benedict’s assay? IKI assay detects the presence of starch, and the Benedict assay tests for the presence of reducing sugars as well as IKI turns blue black whereas Benedict is a bright blue that changes to green to orange to reddish brown with increasing levels of maltose What was the purpose of tubes #1 and #2? Why are they important? Because they are the controls and the controls must be prepared to provide a known standard against which all comparisons must be made. Positive controls all of the required substances are included and negative a negative result is expected validating the experiment. What effect did pH level have on the enzyme? It partially allowed the enzyme to do its job because there were positive signs of both starch and its reducing sugars. We will write a custom essay sample on Exercise 8: Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion or any similar topic only for you Order Now What effect did boiling and freezing have on the activity of amylase? Boiling did not allow the breakdown of starch because the reduced sugars were not present and the starch was where the freezing showed a ++ for the reducing sugars and a negative result in the starch showing that it reduced the starch. Activity 2 What was the effect of the enzyme peptidase? Why? The enzyme peptidase could not break down the starch by showing that there is positive IKI test for starch and a negative Benedict test for its reduced sugars. What is cellulose? According to your results, does salivary amylase digest cellulose? Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in plants to provide rigidity to their cell walls and salivary amylase is not able to digest it because there were no positive signs of the Benedict test which should have been positive if a breakdown did occur. What happened to the cellulose in tube #6? It was digested by the bacteria showing a very positive sign for the Benedict test. Activity 3 What is the optimal pH level for pepsin? Why do you think that is? The optimal pH for pepsin is around 2. 0 because it showed a higher optimal density showing that more BPNA has been hydrolyzed. Also the stomach is very acidic adding to the reasoning that pepsin will work well in acidic environments. How was optical density measured? What is the significance of this measurement? A spectrometer shine light through the sample and then measures how much light is absorbed. The fraction of light absorbed is expressed as the sample of optical density. The higher the optical density is greater than zero the more hydrolysis has occurred. Activity 4 Why do lipids pose special problems for digestion? Because the insolubility of the triglycerides presents a challenge because they tend to clump together leaving surface molecules exposed to lipase enzymes. How do bile salts effect lipid digestion? Bile salts are secreted into the small intestine during digestion to physically emulsify lipids. They act as a detergent separating the lipid clumps and increase the surface area accessible to the lipase enzymes. What factors affect digestive enzymes? Some factors that affect digestive enzymes are pH and the amount of lipase and bile salts in a solution. How to cite Exercise 8: Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion, Essays

Only Once In A Lifetime Will A New Invention Come About To Touch Every

Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. The Microprocessor has been around since 1971 years, but in the last few years it has changed the American calculators to video games and computers (Givone 1). Many microprocessors have been manufactured for all sorts of products; some have succeeded and some have not. This paper will discuss the evolution and history of the most prominent 16 and 32 bit microprocessors in the microcomputer and how they are similar to and different from each other. Because microprocessors are a subject that most people cannot relate to and do not know much about, this paragraph will introduce some of the terms that will be in- volved in the subsequent paragraphs. Throughout the paper the 16-bit and 32-bit mi- croprocessors are compared and contrasted. The number 16 in the 16-bit microproces- sor refers how many registers there are or how much storage is available for the mi- croprocessor (Aumiaux, 3). The microprocessor has a memory address such as A16, and at this address the specific commands to the microprocessor are stored in the memory of the computer (Aumiaux, 3). So with the 16-bit microprocessor there are 576 places to store data. With the 32-bit microprocessor there are twice as many places to store data making the microprocessor faster. Another common term which is mentioned frequently in the paper is the oscil- lator or the time at which the processors "clock" ticks. The oscillator is the pace maker for the microprocessor which tells what frequency the microprocessor can proc- ess information, this value is measured in Mega-hertz or MHz. A nanosecond is a measurement of time in a processor, or a billionth of a second. This is used to measure the time it takes for the computer to execute an instructions, other wise knows as a cy- cle. There are many different types of companies of which all have their own family of processors. Since the individual processors in the families were developed over a fairly long period of time, it is hard to distinguish which processors were introduced in order. This paper will mention the families of processors in no particular order. The first microprocessor that will be discussed is the family of microprocessors called the 9900 series manufactured by Texas Instruments during the mid-70s and was developed from the architecture of the 900 minicomputer series (Titus, 178). There were five dif- ferent actual microprocessors that were designed in this family, they were the TMS9900, TMS9980A, TMS9981, TMS9985, and the TMS9940. The TMS9900 was the first of these microprocessors so the next four of the microprocessors where simply variations of the TMS9900 (Titus, 178). The 9900 series microprocessors runs with 64K memory and besides the fact that the 9900 is a 16-bit microprocessor, only 15 of the address memory circuits are in use (Titus, 179). The 16th address is used for the computer to distinguish between word and data functions (Titus, 179. The 9900 series microprocessors runs from 300 nanoseconds to 500 ns from 2MHz to 3.3MHz and even some variations of the original microprocessor where made to go up to 4MHz (Avtar, 115). The next microprocessor that will be discussed is the LSI-11 which was pro- duced from the structural plans of the PDP-11 minicomputer family. There are three microprocessors in the LSI-11 family they are the LSI-11, LSI-11/2, and the much im- proved over the others is the LSI-11/32 (Titus, 131). The big difference between the LSI-11 family of microprocessors and other similar microprocessors of its kind is they have the instruction codes of a microcomputer but since the LSI-11 microprocessor originated from the PDP-11 family it is a multi-microprocessor (Avtar, 207). The fact that the LSI-11 microprocessor is a multi-microprocessor means that many other mi- croprocessors are used in conjunction with the LSI-11 to function properly (Avtar, 207). The LSI-11 microprocessor has a direct processing speed of 16-bit word and 7- bit data, however the improved LSI-11/22 can directly process 64-bit data (Titus, 131). The average time that the LSI-11 and LSI-11/2 process at are 380 nanoseconds, while the LSI-11/23 is clocked at 300 nanoseconds (Titus, 132). There are some great strengths that lie in the LSI-11 family, some of which are the efficient way at which the microprocessor processes and the ability to run minicomputer software which leads to great hardware support (Avtar, 179). Although there are many strengths to the Only Once In A Lifetime Will A New Invention Come About To Touch Every Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. A machine that has done all this and more now exists in nearly every business in the U.S. and one out of every two households. This incredible invention is the computer. The electronic computer has been around for over a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years. However, only in the last 40 years has it changed the American society. From the first wooden abacus to the latest high-speed microprocessor, the computer has changed nearly every aspect of people's lives for the better. The very earliest existence of the modern day computer's ancestor is the abacus. These date back to almost 2000 years ago. It is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. When these beads are moved along the wire according to "programming" rules that the user must memorize, all ordina ry arithmetic operations can be performed. The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first digital calculating machine. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascal's father who was a tax collector. In the early 1800's, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed by--and stored data on--cards with holes punched in them, appropriately called punchcards. His inventions were failures for the most part because of the lack of precision machining techniques used at the time and the lack of demand for such a device. After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. However, between 1850 and 1900 there were great advances in mathematics and physics that began to rekindle the interest. Many of these new advances involved complex calculations and formulas that were very time consuming for human calculation. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention. Since the population of the U.S. was increasing so fast, the computer was an essential tool in tabulating the totals. These advantages were noted by commercial industries and soon led to the development of improved punch-card business-machine systems by International Business Machines (IBM), Remington-Rand, Burroughs, and other corporations. By modern standards the punched-card machines were slow, typically processing from 50 to 250 cards per minute, with each card holding up to 80 digits. At the time, however, punched cards were an enormous step forward; they provided a means of input, output, a nd memory storage on a massive scale. For more than 50 years following their first use, punched-card machines did the bulk of the world's business computing and a good portion of the computing work in science. By the late 1930s punched-card machine techniques had become so well established and reliable that Howard Hathaway Aiken, in collaboration with engineers at IBM, undertook construction of a large automatic digital computer based on standard IBM electromechanical parts. Aiken's machine, called the Harvard Mark I, handled 23-digit numbers and could perform all four arithmetic operations. Also, it had special built-in programs to handle logarithms and trigonometric functions. The Mark I was controlled from prepunched paper tape. Output was by cardpunch and electric typewriter. It was slow, requiring 3 to 5 seconds for a multiplication, but it was fully automatic and could complete long computations without human intervention. The outbreak of World War II produced a desperate need for computing capability, especially for the military. New weapons systems were produced which needed trajectory tables and other essential data. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchley, and their associates at the University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high-speed electronic computer to do the job. This machine became known as ENIAC, for "Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator". It could multiply two Only Once In A Lifetime Will A New Invention Come About To Touch Every Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. The Microprocessor has been around since 1971 years, but in the last few years it has changed the American calculators to video games and computers (Givone 1). Many microprocessors have been manufactured for all sorts of products; some have succeeded and some have not. This paper will discuss the evolution and history of the most prominent 16 and 32 bit microprocessors in the microcomputer and how they are similar to and different from each other. Because microprocessors are a subject that most people cannot relate to and do not know much about, this paragraph will introduce some of the terms that will be in- volved in the subsequent paragraphs. Throughout the paper the 16-bit and 32-bit mi- croprocessors are compared and contrasted. The number 16 in the 16-bit microproces- sor refers how many registers there are or how much storage is available for the mi- croprocessor (Aumiaux, 3). The microprocessor has a memory address such as A16, and at this address the specific commands to the microprocessor are stored in the memory of the computer (Aumiaux, 3). So with the 16-bit microprocessor there are 576 places to store data. With the 32-bit microprocessor there are twice as many places to store data making the microprocessor faster. Another common term which is mentioned frequently in the paper is the oscil- lator or the time at which the processors ?clock? ticks. The oscillator is the pace maker for the microprocessor which tells what frequency the microprocessor can proc- ess information, this value is measured in Mega-hertz or MHz. A nanosecond is a measurement of time in a processor, or a billionth of a second. This is used to measure the time it takes for the computer to execute an instructions, other wise knows as a cy- cle. There are many different types of companies of which all hav e their own family of processors. Since the individual processors in the families were developed over a fairly long period of time, it is hard to distinguish which processors were introduced in order. This paper will mention the families of processors in no particular order. The first microprocessor that will be discussed is the family of microprocessors called the 9900 series manufactured by Texas Instruments during the mid-70s and was developed from the architecture of the 900 minicomputer series (Titus, 178). There were five dif- ferent actual microprocessors that were designed in this family, they were the TMS9900, TMS9980A, TMS9981, TMS9985, and the TMS9940. The TMS9900 was the first of these microprocessors so the next four of the microprocessors where simply variations of the TMS9900 (Titus, 178). The 9900 series microprocessors runs with 64K memory and besides the fact that the 9900 is a 16-bit microprocessor, only 15 of the address memory circuits are in use (Titus, 179). T he 16th address is used for the computer to distinguish between word and data functions (Titus, 179. The 9900 series microprocessors runs from 300 nanoseconds to 500 ns from 2MHz to 3.3MHz and even some variations of the original microprocessor where made to go up to 4MHz (Avtar, 115). The next microprocessor that will be discussed is the LSI-11 which was pro- duced from the structural plans of the PDP-11 minicomputer family. There are three microprocessors in the LSI-11 family they are the LSI-11, LSI-11/2, and the much im- proved over the others is the LSI-11/32 (Titus, 131). The big difference between the LSI-11 family of microprocessors and other similar microprocessors of its kind is they have the instruction codes of a microcomputer but since the LSI-11 microprocessor originated from the PDP-11 family it is a multi-microprocessor (Avtar, 207). The fact that the LSI-11 microprocessor is a multi-microprocessor means that many other mi- croprocessors are used in conjunction with the LSI-11 to function properly (Avtar, 207). The LSI-11 microprocessor has a direct processing speed of 16-bit word and 7- bit data, however the improved LSI-11/22 can directly process 64-bit data (Titus, 131). The average time that the LSI-11 and LSI-11/2 process at are